In the first of our new series Unconscious Processes and Dissociation we are looking at theories about the unconscious mind. I am going to look at three main groups: classical psychoanalysis, Jung’s analytical psychology, and modern cognitive ideas about the “adaptive” unconscious. While they all agree that much of our mental life operates outside awareness, they differ in how they define what the unconscious contains and how it functions. Freud and Psychoanalysis Freud described the unconscious as a system filled with hidden wishes, conflicts, and memories which are kept out of awareness by defence mechanisms such as repression. He introduced two key models: one dividing the mind into conscious, preconscious, and unconscious levels; and another describing internal structures — the id, ego, and superego. In…

Take it easy – you don’t need a “New You” in January — especially when you live with chronic pain. From discussions in my pain psychology clinic (on-line and in Milton Keynes) I have concluded that January can feel like a pressure cooker. Everywhere you turn, someone is telling you to reinvent yourself, start strong, aim higher, push harder. The narrative is loud, insistent, and often unforgiving. But here we are in early February — and if you’re living with chronic pain, this is often when the dust settles and you’re left with a very human response: “I didn’t do any of that.” And I want you to know: That’s not a failure. It’s not a moral shortcoming. It’s not a lack of motivation. It’s…

When it comes to motivation in hypnotherapy, understanding the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic motivation can be key to achieving lasting change. Recognising what drives a client helps therapists tailor their approach and increase the chances of success. Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation comes from within—it’s the inner drive shaped by a person’s values, goals, and worldview. When someone acts in alignment with these, they experience a deep sense of satisfaction and fulfilment. For example, a client might begin exercising and discover that it gives them more energy and helps them connect better with friends and family. This creates a reinforcing loop—positive change in one area of life supports improvement in others that are personally meaningful. Hypnotherapy can strengthen intrinsic motivation by helping clients reconnect with…

When pain becomes persistent, many people begin to feel disconnected from their own bodies. It can feel as though your body has become an enemy — unpredictable, unreliable, even frightening. In my pain psychology clinics (in  Milton Keynes and on-line)  I often describe self-care, as at its heart, is about rebuilding that relationship. It’s about listening inward with kindness rather than criticism. The Disconnection Trap Chronic pain often teaches people to tune out. When sensations are overwhelming, it’s natural to want to shut them down. Yet avoiding awareness can paradoxically increase distress. The brain continues to interpret sensations as threatening, maintaining the cycle of pain. Self-care interrupts this cycle. It invites you to approach your body with curiosity rather than fear — to ask what…

In our last blog, we explored the idea of social influence within hypnotherapy. This time, we’ll look more closely at authority, that is how it can be used, what to avoid and how it affects client compliance. Building Authority as a Hypnotherapist Establishing authority is essential for earning trust, encouraging cooperation, and building a professional reputation. True authority in hypnosis goes beyond expertise; it reflects confidence, competence, and ethical integrity. These are qualities that make clients feel comfortable and open to guidance. Authority and Compliance in Hypnotic Practice Establishing authority begins with understanding the client. For some clients, a direct and instructional approach can be effective. For others, a softer style that encourages clients to maintain their sense of autonomy works best. The Role of…

Living with chronic pain or a long-term health condition can feel relentless. The physical discomfort is just one part of the picture — the emotional and mental toll is often equally challenging. Fatigue, anxiety, frustration, and fear can all compound the experience of living with persistent symptoms. In my work as a Consultant Health Psychologist, I frequently introduce clients to hypnosis as a tool for managing both the physical and psychological impact of chronic health conditions. What Hypnosis Really Is… Hypnosis is often misunderstood. It is not magic, nor is it about losing control. Rather, hypnosis is a state of focused attention and heightened suggestibility — a natural state we all experience in everyday life, like becoming absorbed in a book or a movie. In…